Decide what you need most: color (most important) or the mild earthy/peppery flavor (secondary).
Choose your substitute from the list above based on your available form (powder/paste/threads) and cooking method (oil infusion vs direct simmer).
Start with the listed ratio, then adjust by looking for the target shade: golden-orange for color-forward dishes.
If using powder/paste, steep in 2–3 tablespoons of warm oil or broth for 5–10 minutes before adding to the pot for a more even color.
Taste near the end: if it’s too intense, dilute with extra liquid; if too pale, add small pinches and simmer 2–3 minutes.