Pick your substitute based on what you need: closest flavor match (ketchup-based), deeper savory (Worcestershire + molasses), or quickest heat (gochujang).
Use the listed ratio: for baking/grilling glaze, keep it close to 1:1; for tomato paste swaps, start at ¾:1 then thin until it pours.
For thickness/adhesion, simmer 2–4 minutes (or bake the glaze coat for 5–8 minutes) so it coats and darkens slightly.
Taste and correct: add vinegar for tang, brown sugar/honey for sweetness, and a pinch of smoked paprika or liquid smoke for smoky BBQ notes.
Apply when heat is high but controlled: brush during the final 5–10 minutes of grilling/roasting for a glossy finish.