Choose the substitute that matches your recipe’s goal: concentrated paste/powder for close flavor, reduced broth for body, or soy-salt for umami.
Use the listed ratio as a starting point, then dissolve paste/powder in a small splash of hot water before mixing into the dish.
If the substitute is less concentrated (like broth), simmer or reduce the dish briefly to rebuild depth.
Taste at the end: if flat, add a small pinch more concentrate; if too salty, thin with water/stock.
For sauces, stir off raw powder flavor by cooking 30–60 seconds after adding the substitute.