Identify your goal: baking texture, frying/heat performance, or skin/hair conditioning—then choose the closest substitute from the table.
Use the listed ratio (most swaps are 1:1 by weight/volume equivalence for fats in recipes).
For butter- or ghee-based swaps, melt then cool 2–5 minutes before mixing so the fat doesn’t shock the batter.
For solid replacements (cocoa butter or palm shortening), keep the fat at room temperature so it creams or blends smoothly.
If the recipe texture seems off, adjust with 1–2 teaspoons per cup: add a bit more liquid for dry batter or chill longer if it won’t firm.