Decide whether your recipe needs orange brightness only or orange + cognac-like warmth (common in desserts and some cocktails).
Start with the 1:1 substitute closest to the flavor you want (Cointreau or premium Triple Sec for orange-liqueur notes).
If you’re missing the cognac depth, use the split option: combine orange liqueur with brandy in the listed ratio.
If using extract-based swaps, reduce extract slightly and rely on syrup/vanilla to mimic sweetness and body.
Add the substitute early for baked goods (so it distributes) or at the end for cocktails/glazes (so aromas stay vivid).