Choose the substitute based on your goal: fastest stretch (mozarella/string cheese) or best browning in bake (provolone).
Measure with the 1:1 ratio, then shred the substitute if it will go into heat-fast dishes.
If your substitute is drier (low-moisture) and the dish feels less creamy, add a spoon of pasta water or a small drizzle of milk to help pooling.
If your substitute is very mild (e.g., Monterey Jack), consider adding a pinch of salt or a tiny splash of vinegar/lemon in the sauce to lift tang.
Bake until bubbling and just starting to brown; pull it when it still looks glossy to preserve the stretch.