Identify your goal: structure/protein (choose soy or chickpea) or tenderness/moisture (choose oat or almond).
Use the listed ratio, then mix and rest 5–10 minutes so the alternative hydrates and thickens like lupin.
If the batter looks looser than expected, add 1–2 tablespoons of the same substitute flour; if too dry, add 1–2 tablespoons of liquid.
Bake as directed, but start checking 2–4 minutes early because oat/almond can brown faster.
Taste-test the baked crumb: if flavor is too strong/bean-like, reduce the substitute slightly next time or pair with vanilla/cocoa.