Identify what the mustard seed is doing in your recipe: crunch (whole seeds), tang (seed flavor), or heat (sharpness).
Choose the closest match from the list: mustard powder for baking, prepared mustard for sauces and marinades, or a pepper+acid blend for pickling.
Use the listed ratio as your starting point; if the substitute is stronger or wetter than mustard seed, reduce and adjust after tasting.
For powder swaps, mix into wet ingredients to avoid gritty texture; for whole-seed effects, briefly toast the substitute and then add early.
Finish with a quick taste test and tweak acidity (vinegar/lemon) or heat (more powder) to land where the original recipe would.