Identify how you’re using panela (crumble, slice for grilling, or melt in hot dishes).
Choose the closest substitute from the ranked list based on texture behavior (crumbles vs. browns vs. melts).
Measure by the listed ratio (e.g., ¾:1 means use ¾ of the panela amount).
If the substitute is wetter (feta or fresh queso), drain/pat dry so it browns instead of steaming.
Do a quick taste-adjust: add a pinch of salt only if the substitute is unsalted/mild, or counter saltiness with a splash of dairy in fillings.