Match your dish goal: sear/grill for burgers uses king oyster or eggplant; sauté/sauce uses cremini or shiitake; baking uses cremini or hearts of palm.
Prep for texture: slice ¼ in for mushrooms, slice eggplant thick and salt 15 minutes, or pat canned hearts of palm very dry.
Swap using the listed ratio; if your substitute is wetter (eggplant or canned), reduce added liquid in the recipe.
Adjust flavor: add a pinch of salt and a small splash of soy sauce or balsamic to bring umami closer to portobellos.
Cook until the substitute browns: look for deep edges and reduced moisture, not just “tender.”