Identify your use: baking (acid + leavening), dressing/marinade (flavor + bite), or quick deglaze (brightness).
Choose the closest match from the table, and measure using the listed ratio (for diluted swaps, start with less).
If the substitute is sweeter/darker (like balsamic), dilute with an equal amount of water first to prevent overpowering.
Stir into your recipe and taste; adjust with a pinch of salt for balance or a tiny splash more acid for extra tang.
For baking, add the vinegar at the same stage as the original (do not swap after mixing dry ingredients if your batter is already set).