Identify your dish type: stir-fry, braise, marinade, or sauce—then choose a substitute from the Best Matches first.
Measure using the 1:1 ratio when using wine-style substitutes; for vinegar swaps, match volume but compensate with a pinch of sugar.
Add during the same step you’d add shaoxing (early for braises; toward the beginning of cooking for stir-fries) so it cooks off and aromatics integrate.
If the substitute is sweeter than shaoxing, reduce other added sweeteners (like sugar or hoisin) slightly to rebalance.
Taste at the end and adjust: add a tiny splash more substitute for aroma, or add salt for depth if the flavor feels flat.