Identify your bake type (cookies/muffins vs. quick bread vs. thick batter) and choose the substitute that matches the needed structure.
Start with the listed ratio; if the batter/dough feels noticeably thicker than usual, add water or milk 1 tablespoon at a time.
For grittier flours, whisk/strain the flour to break up clumps before mixing to prevent sandy texture.
Bake as directed, then check crumb: if it’s dry or crumbly, add 1–2 tablespoon liquid next time; if gummy, reduce starch or bake a few minutes longer.
If using binders (like xanthan/guar blends), mix thoroughly and rest batter 5–10 minutes so hydration evens out.