Choose your substitute based on thickness: if your recipe needs thick body, start with tomato paste; if it needs smooth pourability, use passata or blended crushed tomatoes.
Measure using the ratio in the table (or match 1:1 by volume for crushed tomatoes/sauce/passata blends).
Adjust consistency: thin with water for paste-based swaps, or simmer 5–10 minutes to reduce if your swap is too watery.
Taste and balance: add a pinch of salt for muted flavor, or a small splash of water if it tastes overly concentrated.
Use immediately in the recipe; for long-cooking dishes, let the swap simmer so flavors marry and texture smooths out.