Identify your dish (salad, side, or hearty bowl) and whether you need chew that holds up after dressing.
Start with the ratio for the substitute you chose (use the table ratios as your baseline).
Cook to “firm-tender”: the grains should stay distinct and chewable, not blow past al dente.
If the swap is softer than wheat berries (e.g., bulgur or rice), reduce the amount slightly and rinse/chill before mixing.
Taste and adjust: add salt to bring out the nutty flavor, and add a crunchy component to mimic wheat-berry firmness.