Toss chicken with cumin, chili powder, garlic powder, and salt. Heat oil in a Dutch oven over medium-high; sear chicken 3–4 min until golden. Flip, cook 2 min more. Remove to a plate.
Reduce heat to medium. Cook onion 3 min. Add garlic and jalapeño; cook 1 min.
Add broth; stir and scrape up browned bits. Bring to a boil.
Add rotini and return chicken with juices. Simmer vigorously uncovered 12–14 min, stirring every 2 min, until pasta is al dente and chicken reads 165°F.
Remove from heat. Stir in lime juice, zest, and cilantro. Let stand 2 minutes and serve.