Identify your use: ground/meal for baking structure, slivered/roasted for crunch, or blended for creamy fillings.
Choose the closest match from the reference table: use 1:1 for most recipes unless your substitute is notably drier or creamier.
If the substitute is ground from whole nuts/seeds, pulse to a similar particle size to avoid gritty batter.
Adjust texture: if the batter feels dry, blend in 1–2 teaspoon neutral oil or a splash of milk per cup of almond-equivalent; if too wet, add an extra 1–2 tablespoon flour or powdered sugar.
Roast briefly (3–6 minutes at 325°F/165°C) to re-create the toasty almond aroma before baking or topping.