Decide the texture you need: crisp-tender (roast/sauté), tender florets (gratin/bake), or blended green (pureed soups).
Choose the substitute from the list so the bite matches your recipe (florets-to-florets, or greens-to-greens).
Use the listed ratio and prep to the same size: cut florets to bite-size or chop spears into similar lengths.
Adjust cooking time: cook crisp substitutes 1–3 minutes less than broccoli, and add softer ones 2–6 minutes before finishing.
Taste after cooking and fix balance: a pinch of salt/acid (lemon or vinegar) helps if the swap tastes flatter than broccoli.