Decide whether you’re substituting for whole cloves (infusion) or ground cloves (spice in the mix).
Match the ratio from the table (start at the lower end of the ratio if your recipe is already spicy).
If using a milder option (cinnamon, nutmeg, ginger), add in small increments and taste after the spices bloom for 2–5 minutes.
For long-simmer recipes, use whole-leaf swaps like bay leaf only for infusion time, then remove before serving.
Adjust the final aroma: add a tiny pinch more spice if the dish tastes flat, or dilute with an unsweetened liquid if it tastes harsh.