Identify whether your recipe needs fenugreek for bitterness/aroma (curry, spice rub) or for a specific fenugreek-forward profile.
Choose the substitute from the table based on how close you need the flavor: closest (fenugreek powder/celery seed) or backup (mustard/turmeric).
Use the listed ratio (fenugreek seed equivalents). Grind celery or mustard seed fine to blend evenly.
Bloom for 30–60 seconds in hot oil if your dish uses tempering; this carries aroma like whole fenugreek seeds.
Taste at the end and adjust: add a pinch more of the substitute for bitterness or balance with a small amount of salt/sugar depending on the dish.