Identify your use: baking (cookies, cakes, brownies) or spreading (toast, filling, frosting).
Start with the listed substitution ratio from the table (1:1 unless noted).
If the substitute is thicker (seed butter), warm 10–15 seconds or stir with 1–2 teaspoons water; if thinner, reduce by simmering or drain briefly.
Adjust flavor: add a small pinch of salt to boost nutty depth, or add a little sugar/honey if using a more bitter substitute like tahini.
Use immediately for spreading, or fold into batter last for best texture; bake as directed.
