Identify your goal: fine crumb (cookies/cake), crust structure (tarts), or binding (batter/crumb topping).
Pick the closest match from the table below and swap by the stated ratio.
If the substitute is drier (oat or seed flour), let batter rest 5 minutes; if it looks tight, loosen with 1–2 teaspoon liquid per cup.
If the substitute is more oily (finer nut flours), watch browning; reduce bake time by 2–4 minutes for shallow pans.
Taste after baking: if flavor is muted, add a small pinch of salt next time or increase toasted-nut aromatics in the dry mix.