Identify your goal: caramel/toffee flavor, dark color, or moist texture (baking) and pick the closest substitute from the list above.
Use the listed ratio (for baking accuracy). If the substitute is liquid (maple syrup/honey), reduce recipe added liquid slightly.
For darker color and deeper notes, add molasses (especially when using white sugar or turbinado).
Mix until fully dissolved or evenly distributed; jaggery swaps can be gritty if under-mixed.
Taste the batter/sauce before baking: adjust with a pinch more darkener (molasses) for depth or a touch of salt to balance sweetness.