Decide your use: cooking (heat/neutrality) or baking (buttery richness).
Match flavor first: if you want closest richness, choose butter or coconut oil; if you want neutrality, choose avocado or canola.
Use the 1:1 ratio. If your substitute is wetter/thicker in texture (butter/coconut), warm it to match the original recipe’s state (melted vs room temp).
For high-heat cooking, prefer refined oils (avocado/safflower/olive-light) to avoid smoke and off-flavors.
Taste-check at the end: add a pinch of salt for savory dishes or a small touch of sweetness if the substitute reads sharper than macadamia oil.