Decide how you’re using onion: raw for crunch/color, or cooked for sweetness and softness.
Choose the closest substitute from the table and use the listed ratio (e.g., 1:1 or ¾:1).
Adjust bite: soak sharp onions (white onion) in cold water for ~10 minutes or cook them slightly longer.
Adjust color: for raw dishes, cut the substitute smaller and mix with a pinch of acid (lemon/vinegar) to brighten.
Taste after the first batch/addition; if it’s too mild, add more onion volume, and if too sharp, chop smaller or soak.