Decide what you’re missing: saffron aroma (blooming) or saffron color (yellow payoff).
Choose the substitute closest to your goal and use the ratio above as your starting point.
Bloom your substitute: stir it into 2–3 tablespoon warm water (or warm milk/broth) for 5–10 minutes, then add to your recipe.
Adjust intensity in small steps: if the dish tastes off, reduce by 25–50% next time; if color is weak, add a tiny pinch.
For baked goods, mix the bloomed substitute into the wet ingredients so the color and aroma distribute evenly.