Decide your texture goal (tender crumb vs flaky layers) and pick the closest substitute from the table.
Replace shortening by the ratio given (usually 1:1); for oil-heavy options, use the listed mixed ratio to reduce spreading.
Chill any solid-fat substitute (butter/margarine/lard) so it stays firm while you mix and cut in.
Adjust mixing: cream/whip only until combined for tender bakes, and cut in gently for flaky layers.
Bake as directed; if dough feels greasy or too soft, rest/chill 10–20 minutes before baking.