Match the use: for raw dishes, choose the most crunchy leafy option; for soups, pick a leafy green that will wilt quickly.
Substitute using the table’s 1:1 ratio, then adjust pepperiness with black pepper or a small pinch of horseradish.
If your substitute is tougher (like thick radish stems), remove thicker parts and chop finely before adding.
Taste after 1–2 minutes of wilting for cooked uses, then stop cooking once it turns glossy and tender.
For sandwiches and salads, serve immediately so the substitute keeps its fresh bite and crisp texture.