Identify whether you need white pepper for color-neutral savory flavor or for baked-spice warmth (color matters less in baking).
Pick the substitute from the table: use 1:1 for the closest peppery heat (or ½:1 / ¼:1 for spices that run hotter).
Add the substitute gradually—start with about 80% of the amount you’d use for white pepper, then top up.
For sauces/soups, simmer 1–2 minutes after adding to round out harsh edge; for baking, mix into dry ingredients first.
Taste and adjust: increase for heat, or add a pinch of salt/butter to balance dryness or harshness.