Identify whether your recipe needs dryness (savory sauces) or acidity/lightness (deglazing, braises, baking lifts).
Choose the closest substitute from the table by flavor direction (dry vs acidic vs neutral-brothy).
Use the listed ratio for a straight swap; if the substitute is more acidic or salty, start with slightly less and adjust at the end.
For savory cooking, simmer 2–5 minutes to mellow sharp edges (especially vinegar-based swaps).
For baking, reduce extra liquid transfer: let batter rest 5 minutes or add a small thickener (flour/starch) if needed to reach the target consistency.